Of one’s preferred genera out-of termites in Singapore, the most frequent infestations are caused by Coptotermes , accounting for around 85% of one’s total, that have Coptotermes gestroi (Fig. 1) as being the common variety in the property, structures ( Kirton Brown, 2003 ), and also in alive woods.

C. gestroi is actually a tropical types indigenous to The southern part of China nevertheless could have been put because of person transportation in order to as much as this new Western continents (Kirton Brown, 2003), where basic statement of your species regarding the “” new world “” tropics originated Brazil pre 1923 (Scheffrahn Su, 2000; Evans ainsi que al., 2013). The fresh bequeath away from C. gestroi was indeed said away from Marquesas Isle (pre 1932), Mauritius (1936), the fresh Smaller Antilles (1937), Reunion Area (1957), The state (1963, 1999), Fl (1996), Mexico (2000), Taiwan (2001) and you can Fiji (pre 2009) (Evans ainsi que al., 2013). Thickness of your varieties was indeed identified out of Micronesia, the greater Antilles, the newest Carribean Islands and you may Polynesia. (Evans ainsi que al., 2013) (Fig. 2). The original report of C. gestroi into the Europe was available in 2011, in which a boat into the Italy, which had before decided to go to Panama, Bahamas, Barbados and Jamaica, is seen to be infested (Ghesini et al., 2011).

The Coptotermes variety are best recognized by a large opening identified as the fontanelle on temple of soldier (Fig. 3c). A light exudate-such as droplet can be produced on the fontanelle whenever confronted (Fig. 3a). Superficially, C. gestroi troops enjoys a red-reddish lead shaped including a tear lose (Fig. 3b), that have reddish brown mandibles that will be curved apically (Fig. 3d). Brand new legs and instinct try soft white. Various other symptomatic possess try visible less than tiny test. A pair of hairs exists in the rim of fontanelle (Fig. 3e). Simultaneously, you will find a faltering fat just at the rear of brand new fontanelle if the direct try viewed laterally (Scheffrahn Su, 2000). This new antennae put fourteen so you’re able to fifteen posts, on second post more than the next, together with third and fourth being subequal. The new labrum is narrowly directed that have a beneficial hyaline tip having a set of hairs with it (Ahmad, 1965). The newest postmentum are long and you may on two and a half times provided large within widest section, to the sides halfway between the rear margin additionally the widest part (Ahmad, 1965) (Fig. 3f). The fresh pronotum was emarginate anteriorly, the fresh new margin becoming convex around the emargination (Fig. 3g). There is hook anxiety in the middle of brand new posterior margin.

Alates (winged reproductives) from C. gestroi may also render some type of identification. The brand new side period of C. gestroi alates means 13mm to 14mm (Scheffrahn Su, 2000). Your face, pronotum together with dorsal section of the gut was darkish (Fig. 3h). 3i).

With regards to monetary feeling, termites of your genus Coptotermes are the extremely prevalent and you will extremely important ( Gay, 1969 ; Su Scheffrahn, 1990 )

Termites is actually eusocial pests one function extremely practical territories spanning out-of classified castes and undifferentiated immatures. The newest terminologies made use of right here to describe castes inside the C. gestroi observe compared to Thorne (1996). It needs to be showcased one to terminologies utilized ong writers.

A couple antennal places is demonstrably apparent toward deal with when observed significantly less than a beneficial microscope (Fig

An alternate C. gestroi colony normally begins shortly after a great swaming experience, where large numbers of alates get-off its colonies within the an excellent dispersal flight. Immediately after landing on the ground and you will dropping the wings, brand new check for someone starts. Girls lead its lovers to an appropriate colony web site in which mating takes place in addition to earliest group of egg was laid because of the the new queen in just a few days. The first instar larvae, taken care of by king and you will queen, will get develop into either workers otherwise nymphs (Fig. 4a, 4b) following the second molt (Albino Costa-Leonardo, 2011). Nymphs can form towards the alates shortly after going right on through half dozen instars (Albino Costa-Leonardo, 2011), otherwise to the brachypterous neotenies that do not disperse however, replicate inside the same nest (Vargo Husseneder, 2009). Gurus (Fig. 4c) get end up as apterous neotenies, will still be since pros, or generate onto presoldiers that will ultimately form soldiers (Vargo Husseneder, 2009).